Regulation of the neuroendocrine stress axis in response to ammonia exposure in rainbow trout: Pharmacological and transcriptional evidence implicating serotonin and multiple hypophysiotropic peptides
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ammonia is neurotoxic, and exposure to high environmental ammonia (HEA) activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis in teleosts. To gain insight into the neural factors that regulate the HPI axis in response to this environmental stressor, as well as elucidate potential interactions between these factors, we exposed rainbow trout to one of three ammonia levels (0, 650, 1000 μM NH 4 Cl) for 24 or 96 h and assessed the gene expression and circulating levels of key determinants of HPI axis activity. In parallel with circulating ammonia concentrations, plasma cortisol levels increased dose-dependently after 24 h of HEA exposure and partially recovered after 96 h. HEA exposure also elicited dose-, time-, and brain region-specific changes in components of the brain serotonergic (5-HTergic; tph2, htr1aa, htr1b, htr2c ), corticotropin-releasing factor ( crfb ), arginine vasotocin ( avt, avtr1a, avtr2 ), and isotocin ( it, itr ) signaling systems. Moreover, while intraperitoneal injections of 5-HT 1B and 5-HT 2C receptor antagonists reduced basal cortisol levels, treatment with 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 2C antagonists blocked the increase in plasma cortisol elicited by HEA. Finally, treatment with specific 5-HT receptor antagonists blunted the HEA-induced increases in brain preoptic area crfb , avt , and it expression. These findings implicate 5-HT and multiple peptidergic systems in the hypophysiotropic regulation of the HPI axis in response to HEA exposure and provide novel insight into the multifactorial neural circuitry mediating the neuroendocrine stress response in fishes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".