Treatment approaches and efficacy in psychedelic-induced psychosis: A systematic review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Psychedelics are increasingly used in the general population, yet they are associated with increased risk of psychosis in a minority of users that can experience psychedelic-induced psychosis (<1 % in controlled trial settings). In contrast, the evidence regarding the treatment of psychedelics-induced psychosis remains to date scarce. We conducted a PRISMA 2020-compliant systematic review (CRD42023399591), searching electronic databases (inception-August 2024) for interventional, observational studies, case series, or case reports on the treatment of psychedelic-induced psychosis. Frequencies of population, treatment, and outcome characteristics were analyzed. We included 14 case series, 20 case reports, and one prospective study, reporting on 93 cases of psychedelic-induced psychosis, between 1955 and 2024. The primary substances implicated were LSD (47.3 %) and MDMA (38.7 %), and the average patient age of 23.7 ± 6.3 years, with a predominance of male subjects (88 %). Psychosis lasted an average of 1.8 weeks. We identified two main treatment categories: first-generation antipsychotics (n = 37) and second-generation antipsychotics (n = 57). Electroconvulsive therapy was used in a minor subset of cases (n = 9). The response rate for first-generation antipsychotics (27 %) was significantly lower than that for second-generation agents (91.3 %) and electroconvulsive therapy (91 %). Follow-up data indicated 34 % of patients later developed schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and 20.4 % were diagnosed with bipolar disorder. However, the lack of comprehensive follow-up limits the interpretation of findings In conclusion, the evidence supporting treatment options remains limited, primarily based on case reports. Our findings suggest that second-generation antipsychotics seem to be more beneficial in managing psychedelic-induced psychosis, warranting further investigation into optimized treatment protocols.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".