Sex Differences in Vaccine-Induced Immunity and Protection Against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading global cause of death, with approximately 1.3 million fatalities annually. While males are more susceptible to TB, the underlying immune differences and their impact on vaccine efficacy are not fully understood. In this study, we vaccinated male and female C57BL/6 mice with BCG and 2 recombinant derivatives, VPM1002 and BCGΔBCG1419c, and assessed their protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) HN878. While all 3 vaccines showed comparable efficacy in females, BCG did not protect males from Mtb-induced death. Instead, recombinant vaccines provided improved protection in males. Vaccination of males with BCGΔBCG1419c, but not BCG, enhanced CD8 T-cell and B-cell recall responses in vaccine-draining lymph nodes, and reduced lung inflammation after Mtb challenge. These findings underscore the impact of sex differences on vaccine efficacy and suggest that future research should consider sex as a biological variable to optimize TB vaccination strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".