Irreversible electroporation for unresectable liver malignancies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal ablation technique used for liver tumors that are unresectable due to their proximity to critical structures. This study evaluates outcomes for patients treated with IRE. Methods: We reviewed 19 patients who underwent 22 IRE procedures between July 2015 and February 2024. Tumors were deemed unresectable by a multidisciplinary tumor board because of abutment to hepatic veins or Inferior vena cava (IVC) (n = 10), recurrence near the hilum post-lobectomy (n = 4), portal vein bifurcation involvement (n = 3), or cirrhosis (n = 3). A percutaneous approach was used in 19 of 22 procedures. Results: The median overall survival was 36.8 months (95% CI 28.9, NR). For patients with colorectal liver metastases, median survival was 49 months (46.7, NR). Local recurrence occurred in 7 of 22 cases (32%), with a median recurrence-free survival of 27 months. Complications were rare, with 16/19 (84%) having no 90-day post-procedure complications. Discussion: Our results support IRE as a safe and effective option for managing unresectable liver tumors near critical structures. These outcomes, achieved at a medium-sized center, highlight its feasibility and patient benefits in anatomically challenging cases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".