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Record W4411718880 · doi:10.1021/acsnano.5c03911

Technology Roadmap of Micro/Nanorobots

2025· review· en· W4411718880 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.

Bibliographic record

VenueACS Nano · 2025
Typereview
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicMicro and Nano Robotics
Canadian institutionsUniversity of TorontoUniversity of Waterloo
FundersH2020 Future and Emerging TechnologiesDivision of Electrical, Communications and Cyber SystemsDivision of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing InnovationAir Force Office of Scientific ResearchNational Key Research and Development Program of ChinaEuropean Regional Development FundHORIZON EUROPE European Innovation CouncilH2020 European Research CouncilShanghai Rising-Star ProgramH2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie ActionsSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungJunta de Comunidades de Castilla-La ManchaMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y UniversidadesScience, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen MunicipalityNextGenerationEUIsrael Science FoundationShanghaiTech UniversityNational Research Foundation of KoreaArmy Research OfficeNational Institute of Biomedical Imaging and BioengineeringGrantová Agentura České RepublikyGeneralitat de CatalunyaVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversityNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaScience and Technology Commission of Shanghai MunicipalityNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaAlfred P. Sloan FoundationDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftDivision of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport SystemsResearch Grants Council, University Grants CommitteeKey Technologies Research and Development ProgramNational Science Foundation
KeywordsNanoroboticsCommercializationNanotechnologyComputer scienceSustainabilitySystems engineeringBiomedicineEngineering ethicsSoftware deploymentGrand ChallengesManagement scienceEngineering managementEngineeringBusinessArtificial intelligenceMaterials science

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

, the field of micro/nanorobots has evolved from science fiction to reality, with significant advancements in biomedical and environmental applications. Despite the rapid progress, the deployment of functional micro/nanorobots remains limited. This review of the technology roadmap identifies key challenges hindering their widespread use, focusing on propulsion mechanisms, fundamental theoretical aspects, collective behavior, material design, and embodied intelligence. We explore the current state of micro/nanorobot technology, with an emphasis on applications in biomedicine, environmental remediation, analytical sensing, and other industrial technological aspects. Additionally, we analyze issues related to scaling up production, commercialization, and regulatory frameworks that are crucial for transitioning from research to practical applications. We also emphasize the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to address both technical and nontechnical challenges, such as sustainability, ethics, and business considerations. Finally, we propose a roadmap for future research to accelerate the development of micro/nanorobots, positioning them as essential tools for addressing grand challenges and enhancing the quality of life.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.985
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0020.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.015
GPT teacher head0.296
Teacher spread0.282 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it