Sex Differences in the Joint Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms and Body Mass Index From Adolescence to Early Adulthood: Longitudinal Observational Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a critical transitional period between childhood and adulthood, marked by dramatic changes in physical and psychosocial health. Adolescents are vulnerable to both depression and adiposity, but how these conditions evolve over time from adolescence to early adulthood and whether sex differences exist remained unclear. OBJECTIVE: To first identify the population heterogeneity in the joint trajectories of depressive symptoms and body mass index (BMI) from adolescence to early adulthood and then explore the sex differences in the joint trajectories. METHODS: In this study, we adopt the latent class trajectory modeling to identify the combined trajectories of depressive symptoms and BMI from adolescence at baseline to early adulthood at follow ups using a longitudinal study (2010-2020y). We used the multinomial logistic regressions to examine the sex-specific associations with the trajectory classifications. RESULTS: Our results found that individuals' depressive symptoms and BMI might not always change parallelly from adolescence to early adulthood, instead, some individuals appeared to be prone to depressive symptoms or elevated BMI only while others were multimorbid by both of them. Moreover, our study identified a clear sex-specific pattern in the joint trajectories of depressive symptoms and BMI: the females were at a higher risk of developing depressive symptoms but remained relatively stable weight status over time (odds ratio (OR), 95% CI: 0.68, 0.52 to 0.89), while the males were at a lower risk of developing depressive symptoms but with an increasing risk of developing adiposity over time (OR, 95% CI: 1.83, 1.35 to 2.49). CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms and BMI might not always change parallelly from adolescence to early adulthood, and there is a clear sex-specific pattern in the joint trajectories of depressive symptoms and BMI. This will inform the design of future sex-specific interventions that match the distinguished profiles in males and females during the period of adolescence and early adulthood, respectively, thus maximizing the intervention effects in preventing both depression and adiposity in early life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".