Crosslinking of Hardwood Lignin with Citric Acid for Sustainable Wood Adhesives
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The toxicity of petroleum-based crosslinkers raises health and environmental concerns, prompting interest in bio-based alternatives. This study reports the facile crosslinking of hardwood lignin (HWL) with citric acid (CA) as a bio-crosslinker for application as a lignin-based wood adhesive. HWL is characterized by GPC and DSC to determine its molecular weight and glass transition temperature, respectively. The successful crosslinking and esterification reactions of the HWL-CA-based resin are confirmed by the exothermic peaks observed in the DSC thermogram and by FT-IR analysis. The HWL-based adhesives with various proportions of CA meet the Korean standard shear strength requirement of 0.60 MPa, with 12% CA (HWL-CA12) giving the maximum value of 1.07 MPa. The successful surface modification of the veneer pre-treatment with CA is also confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Although the adhesive strength of the HWL-CA12 is decreased on the pre-treated veneer relative to the untreated veneer, it remains above the standard requirement on the veneers that were treated with 10% and 15% of CA. These findings demonstrate the potential of CA-crosslinked lignin as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based wood adhesives.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".