Delta tubulin stabilizes male meiotic kinetochores and aids microtubule remodeling and fertility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Delta tubulin (TUBD1) is a noncanonical tubulin protein that has been linked to complex microtubule structures in somatic cell lines and unicellular species. Its role in mammals remains enigmatic; however, TUBD1 is enriched within mammalian male germ cells. Herein, we have defined new roles for TUBD1 during male germ cell development in vivo using a conditional knockout mouse model and shown that spermatogenesis in the absence of TUBD1 causes sterility. We show TUBD1 stabilizes kinetochores during male mouse meiosis, enabling meiotic progression, and that it is required for appropriate spindle polarity and cytokinesis. Subsequently, in haploid cells, TUBD1 works in partnership with the microtubule-severing enzymes KATNAL2 and KATNB1 to regulate manchette remodeling and shape the sperm head. Collectively, these findings reveal TUBD1 plays a key role in the formation and function of highly specialized microtubule structures in mammalian spermatogenesis. Advanced knowledge of TUBD1 may generate new insights into underlying causes of diseases associated with infertility or development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".