A generalized iterative solution for seismic analysis of retaining wall subjected to coupled tensile shear failure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A refined theoretical framework is presented to estimate seismic active thrust, developed following a limit equilibrium-based pseudo-static approach guided by a logarithmic spiral failure surface. A cohesive frictional soil with pre-existing vertical cracks subjected to external surcharge load is considered for analysis. An extended Rankine's equation is proposed to determine the tension crack depth, which incorporates all the affecting wall soil backfill parameters. Conventional earth pressure coefficients are formulated, leading to the innovation of earth pressure ratios that efficiently interpret the effect of distribution of backfill soil mass above and below the crack zone, post its occurrence. Influence of the tension crack on backfill soil weight, failure surface, and the resulting active earth thrust is assessed for wall stability under seismic loading. A unique parameter K is derived, which demonstrates the seismic interdependence of all ratios comprehensively. A generalized moment-based equation is adopted to determine the application point of the active thrust through iterative equations expressed in the normalised form. Effect of cohesion accompanied by tension crack, surcharge under seismic effect for different friction angles are assessed on results of magnitude and location of the application point. Observations include, in battered walls neglecting tension cracks might lead to incorrect estimation of application point, potentially compromising wall stability and economy. The results from proposed study are found to be in good agreement with the existing literature. Plots for the earth pressure ratios and normalised application point for a spectrum of backfill inclination and wall batter angles are presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".