Social jetlag and depressive symptoms among young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Social jetlag is very common among modern people and is an important factor influencing mental health. However, evidence regarding the relationship between social jetlag and depressive symptoms, particularly among young people (ages 10–24), is lacking. Therefore, this review aims to synthesize these studies and assess the relationship between social jetlag and depressive symptoms in young people. We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science for relevant publications from their respective inception dates to May 4, 2024. The quality of selected studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 to calculate the combined odds ratio and correlation coefficients(r). Data were analyzed for sensitivity assessment using Stata 18.0. A total of eight studies were ultimately included in the meta-analysis. The analysis results showed that high social jetlag (≥ 2 hours) was associated with increased odds of depressive symptoms among young people(OR = 1.44, 95% CI:1.18–1.77, I2 = 85%), whereas low social jetlag (1–2 hours) was not significantly associated (OR = 1.05, 95% CI:1.00-1.09,I2 = 47%). Meta-analysis of correlations showed that social jetlag was significantly but weakly associated with depressive symptoms (r = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.03–0.28,I2 = 73%). The results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that the relationship between higher social jetlag (> 2 hours) and adolescent depression is robust. Social jetlag in young people is correlated with depressive symptoms, especially among those with high social jetlag (≥ 2 h). Future longitudinal studies are needed to assess the causal relationship between the two.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".