Calorimetric method for measuring phacoemulsification energy delivered during cataract surgery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the ultrasound (US) energy delivered to the eye during cataract surgery in Joules, a universal System Internacional (SI) unit of energy. This SI energy unit of measurement allows for comparison among various US modalities, phacoemulsification systems and other applications. SETTING: Laboratory. DESIGN: Experimental laboratory phacoemulsification energy dissipation model. METHODS: A calorimetric method of energy measurement was used, with a US handpiece, tip, and sleeve were held in place by an adaptor into a test chamber holding 0.5 g of water. Thermocouples measured the water temperature rise. The ultrasound power was tested in 10% increments from 10% to 100% with each ultrasound modality. RESULTS: High repeatability was observed in both the torsional and longitudinal modality, as indicated by a coefficient of variation less than 0.5 for each power level and the low standard deviation magnitude across the tests (0.020 J/s to 0.149 J/s in the torsional modality and 0.036 J/s to 0.150 J/s in the longitudinal modality, depending on ultrasound power levels). Third order polynomials demonstrated strong and non-linear correlations between ultrasound energy and power levels as indicated by high R2 values (>0.99). CONCLUSION: A calorimetric ultrasound energy measurement method provides greater insight into the total energy in the eye. Measuring total phacoemulsification energy in Joules allows for a standardized way to compare total energy across variable platforms and to be used as a potentially more clinically relevant proxy for assessing and improving clinical outcomes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".