Reluctant entrepreneurs or embracing marketization: The governance of municipal entrepreneurialism for community development in rural Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rural communities in many OECD countries have experienced political and economic restructuring pressures from neoliberal public policies and New Public Management since the 1980s. To navigate these challenges, rural local governments in Canada are developing municipal enterprises to expand revenues and address service and infrastructure pressures. This paper reports on research from four Canadian provinces investigating the challenge of municipal entrepreneurialism for the implementation and governance of community development in rural Canada. Findings reveal strains on local capacity and the potential loss of control over municipal enterprises due to tensions between the municipality’s strategic planning and community development goals versus the strategic goals pursued by the board of directors representing the municipal enterprise. Rural communities also face fiscal and staff capacity limitations that hinder the development and operation of municipal enterprises. Such capacity pressures are exacerbated by the absence of a clear regulatory environment to guide the operations of municipal enterprises.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".