Knowledge Structure and Evolution of Wetland Plant Diversity Research: Visual Exploration Based on CiteSpace
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plant diversity, as a critical indicator of wetland ecosystem health and functionality, has garnered extensive research attention. However, systematic and quantitative assessments of research advancements in wetland plant diversity remain inadequate. This study pioneers a global bibliometric analysis of wetland plant diversity research (1986-2025), designed to systematically examine its worldwide patterns, knowledge architecture, and evolutionary trends. Bibliometric analysis was performed using CiteSpace V6.2.R4 (64-bit) software on 482 publications retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. Results indicate that the United States, Canada, China, and several European countries have collectively prioritized wetland plant diversity research, forming a close international collaboration network. Research themes initially centered on species composition, community structure, and diversity metrics have expanded to multiple dimensions such as ecosystem functions and services, environmental change impacts, and wetland management and restoration, forming several key research clusters. Keyword time-zone mapping reveals the trajectory of research themes from basic descriptions to applied and environmental relevance, while emergent analyses accurately identify hotspots and frontiers of current research such as ecosystem services, functional diversity, and climate change impacts. These findings contribute to comprehending the overall framework and developmental trajectories in wetland plant diversity research, and provide a reference for identifying potential research gaps and planning future research directions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".