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Record W4411875271 · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-05257-w

A hybrid AI-Blockchain security framework for smart grids

2025· article· en· W4411875271 on OpenAlexaff
Yazeed Yasin Ghadi, Tehseen Mazhar, Tariq Shahzad, Ines Hilali Jaghdam, Muhammad Amir Khan, Habib Hamam

Bibliographic record

VenueScientific Reports · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicBlockchain Technology Applications and Security
Canadian institutionsUniversité de Moncton
FundersPrincess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University
KeywordsBlockchainComputer scienceComputer security

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This study delves into the vulnerability of the smart grid to infiltration by hackers and proposes methods to safeguard it by leveraging blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI). A categorization and analysis of cyberattacks against smart grids will be conducted, focusing on those targeting their communication layers. The main goal of the work is to address the challenges in this area by implementing novel detection and defense strategies. The authors categorize attacks on smart grid networks based on the communication classes they want to compromise. They propose novel taxonomies specifically designed to detect and implement defense strategies. The study investigates artificial intelligence and blockchain techniques to identify cyber-attacks that employ deceptive data injection. The study indicates that cyberattacks against smart grids are increasing in frequency and complexity. The paper proposes innovative strategies for defense, such as enhancing cybersecurity with artificial intelligence and blockchain technology. The research further enumerates several challenges, such as counterfeit topological data, imprecise data identification, and combining big data with blockchain technology. Given the increasing risks, the study emphasizes the crucial need for robust cybersecurity safeguards in smart grids. This work contributes to the protection of smart grid infrastructures by categorizing attacks, suggesting novel defenses, and exploring solutions integrating artificial intelligence and blockchain technology. Research should prioritize enhancing technology to maximize security and counter emerging attack methods. The intended audience of our paper comprises graduate-level academics and independent researchers.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.874
Threshold uncertainty score0.724

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.008
GPT teacher head0.264
Teacher spread0.256 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations28
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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