Association Between Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particles and Its Components and the Onset of Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases in Quebec
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives Exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) has been associated with numerous health effects including with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs). While PM2.5 are composed of various materials that are likely to present different toxicity, the associations between PM2.5 components and health outcomes remains largely unexplored. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and its components and the onset of new cases of SARDs in adults of Quebec. Methods We used a retrospective open cohort of the adult population of the province of Quebec without SARD in the previous 4 years, created with administrative health data from April 1, 2000, to December 31, 2019. SARD cases included lupus, dermatopolymyositis, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren syndrome, fibrosclerosis, diseases of connective tissue. Mean annual levels of PM2.5 and its components, estimated with satellite aerosol optical depth and various models, were attributed to the six-digit postal code of each participant; the components included black carbon (BC), mineral dust, sea salt (SS), nitrate, SO42, NO3-, organic matter (OM). Cox models with adjustments for age, sex, year, socioeconomic status, Local Service Network and urban/rural regions were generated for PM2.5 and its 7 components. Quantile-based g-computation with similar adjustments was used to estimate the marginal hazard ratio (HR) for the mixture of PM2.5 components. Results 7,482,397 individuals were analyzed, representing 98,039,304.7 person-years; 55,267 incident cases were observed. In proportion, OM was the main component of PM2.5. The adjusted HR for SARDs was 1.022 per increase of an interquartile range of PM2.5 (95% CI): 0.985-1.060). Estimates of associations for the components were positive, except for SS and SO42-, although their 95% CI all included unity. Based on the quantile g-calculation, the HR of SARD was slightly positive (HR per 1-decile increase in the PM2.5 components: 1.01; 95% CI 1.00-1.02). Conclusion This large-scale cohort study suggests that annual exposure to PM2.5 and the mixture of its components may be associated with the incidence of certain SARDs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".