The Self and Its Intersubjective Synchrony in Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The self is pivotal in psychotherapy, integrating internal (interoexteroceptive) and external (exteroproprioceptive) layers of experience necessary to create an intersubjective space in psychotherapeutic relationship to foster self-reorganization. Patient-therapist intersubjective experience of synchrony seems to be core in better alliance and connectedness, favouring therapeutic progresses. However, the biobehavioural aspects of intersubjective synchrony are often disconnected from the self, leaving gaps in understanding its role in shaping therapy processes and outcomes. Following PRISMA guidelines, 32 studies measuring intersubjective synchrony during psychotherapy sessions were identified, covering interoexteroceptive (n = 11), exteroproprioceptive (n = 18) and interbrain (n = 4) synchrony. Exteroproprioceptive synchrony, particularly nonverbal, was primarily associated with the therapeutic alliance: This was further supported by interbrain studies, whereas interoexteroceptive synchrony was mainly linked to moment-to-moment emotional experience. On the other hand, we found mixed findings on the associations of exteroproprioceptive synchrony with overall therapy outcomes, whereas interoexteroceptive synchrony seemed to be positively associated with session-level outcomes. Moreover, pre-session intra-subjective traits (e.g., patients' well-being and psychopathology, therapists' attachment and expertise) influenced intersubjective synchrony patterns. Finally, we found that degrees of synchrony varied across patients suggesting different experiences of optimal psychotherapeutic relationship. Findings highlighted the layered dynamics of synchrony in psychotherapy. Achieving effective therapeutic engagement involves balancing context-sensitive synchrony at different layers through intersubjective interaction for a self-reorganization of the patients' dynamics. Future research should further explore how distinct layers and dynamics interact both at intrasubjective and intersubjective levels. A spatiotemporally informed emphasis on self-related dynamics can illuminate common therapeutic factors and clarify their role in short- and long-term outcomes. SUMMARY: The self is a dynamic, multilayered system that underlies coregulation processes within the therapeutic relationship. In this context, intersubjective synchrony reflects the encounter of self-dynamics between patient and therapist, fostering alliance and emotional resonance. Physiological synchrony (interoexteroceptive) supports moment-to-moment affective attunement, whereas behavioural synchrony (exteroproprioceptive) sustains long-term relational engagement. Therapist-led nonverbal synchrony is particularly associated with stronger therapeutic alliance and better outcomes. Presession intrapsychic traits-such as patient well-being or therapist expertise and attachment-modulate synchrony patterns and therapeutic responsiveness. Intersubjective synchrony offers a promising marker for precision psychotherapy, guiding self-reorganization through tailored relational dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".