The magnitude of second-trimester induced abortion and associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Even though Ethiopia has a non-restrictive abortion law, abortion complications are one of the top five maternal morbidity and mortality causes in the country. Most women visit health facilities for pregnancy termination at second-trimester which leads to higher abortion-related complications than first-trimester abortion. There is no national evidence regarding the level of second-trimester-induced abortion in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of second-trimester induced abortion and its determinant factors. Methods Online searches using different online bases such as PubMed, HINARI, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and University digital libraries were conducted to identify candidate studies to be included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of studies to be included in this review. Data extraction and analysis were performed using Microsoft Excel and Stata 17 software respectively. The heterogeneity of studies was assessed using Cochran (Q test) and I2 test statistics. We assessed publication bias using a funnel plot and Egger's regression asymmetry test. Results Eight studies with a total study population of 3,659 were included in this review. The pooled prevalence of second-trimester induced abortion was 25.96% (95%, CI 14.42%, 37.49%) in Ethiopia. The finding of this systematic review indicated that being single [(OR = 5.20, 95%, CI 3.04, 8.90), I2 = 0.00%, p = 0.69], delay in the diagnosis of pregnancy [(OR = 3.01, 95%, CI 1.23, 7.38), I2 = 80.74%, p = 0.01], no formal/low education level [(OR = 3.54, 95%. CI 1.84, 6.78), I2 = 69.71, 57.15%, p = 0.04], and being rural resident [(OR = 2.16, 95%, CI 1.61, 2.92), I2 = 0.00%, p = 0.53] were factors significantly associated with second trimester induced abortion in Ethiopia. Conclusion The prevalence of second-trimester abortion was found to be high in Ethiopia. Being single, delay in the diagnosis of pregnancy, having no formal/low education level, and being rural residents were factors significantly associated with second-trimester induced abortion in Ethiopia. Enhancing the sexual and reproductive health literacy of reproductive-age women as well as access to safe abortion services are relevant measures to be taken to reduce late visits to health institutions for abortion services.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.020 | 0.041 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.018 | 0.038 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.010 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".