Prevalence and predictors of parental willingness to vaccinate daughters against human papillomavirus in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major health burden, especially in developing countries. Primary prevention through HPV vaccination has demonstrated excellent efficacy in preventing r cervical cancer incidence. Parental willingness on behalf of their daughters plays a crucial part in deciding whether they should get an HPV vaccine or not, which determines the vaccine coverage. The purpose of this study was to determine the pooled prevalence and predictors of willingness to vaccinate their daughters against the HPV vaccine in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods: A literature search of studies was conducted using multiple databases including the Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, Gray Literature, Embase, and African Online Journal. The search included studies that were published between 2014 and 2024. The inclusion criteria included studies that examined parental willingness to vaccinate their daughters with HPV vaccine in SSA. Data were extracted using Excel and analyzed using Stata™ Version 11, and methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale modified for cross-sectional studies. The meta-analyses were performed using the random effects model. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024584292). Results: A total of 20 cross-sectional studies with 9,182 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of willingness to vaccinate daughters with the HPV vaccine was 73% (95% CI: 65-81%). Younger parents (AOR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.08-2.39), educational status (AOR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.66-3.12), higher income (AOR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.96-5.02), good knowledge (AOR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.59-3.27) and a positive attitude (AOR = 4.83, 95% CI: 2.51-9.30) toward HPV vaccine were significantly associated with parental willingness to vaccinate their daughters. Conclusion: The findings showed a significant proportion of parents remained unwilling to vaccinate their daughters against HPV in SSA. The study also found that parental willingness was significantly higher among parents with good knowledge about HPV and its vaccine, positive attitudes toward vaccination, younger age, higher educational status, and higher income levels. These findings underscore the critical role of parental willingness in shaping policies and initiatives aimed at increasing HPV vaccination rates and reduce the incidence of cervical cancer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.036 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.017 | 0.040 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".