Effect of Biochar on the Thermal and Dimensional Stability of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) <scp>(PVC)</scp> Composites
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study investigated the employment of biomass‐derived biochar as performance‐enhancing filler of PVC. Mechanical, thermal, rheological, and morphological properties were examined, with calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) used for comparison. Composites were prepared via melt processing followed by injection molding to generate test specimens. High filler concentrations caused significantly improved mechanical properties like tensile strength and modulus. At 23 wt.%, the biochar displayed similar tensile strength as the CaCO 3 ‐filled composites, while providing weight reduction benefits, suggesting biochar could replace traditional fillers in construction materials. However, higher filler content beyond 23 wt.% led to a sharp decline in properties, indicating a limit to filler usage. Biochar addition also increased the composite's glass transition ( T g ) and thermal stability. Due to their mechanical property performance, thermal permanence, and low carbon footprint, biochar can be a suitable and sustainable alternative reinforcing filler of PVC. Challenges, such as aggregation and poor interfacial adhesion, can be addressed by optimizing processing parameters, incorporation of compatibilizers, and tuning filler levels.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it