Brain tumours as an unrecognized etiology of infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS): The role of resective epilepsy surgery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Brain tumours are a rare cause of infantile epileptic spasm syndrome (IESS). Epilepsy surgery may be utilized in refractory IESS due to tumours, although reports are limited. We report an illustrative case of IESS which resolved after tumour resection and performed a literature review of all reported cases of brain tumours causing IESS with hypsarrhythmia. We present a 10-month-old girl with drug-resistant symmetric epileptic spasms (ES). Initial EEG showed symmetric hypsarrhythmia and brain MRI demonstrated a left temporal lobe tumour. Despite non-focal clinical and EEG findings, she underwent tumour resection at 21 months (ganglioglioma). She subsequently had resolution of ES and hypsarrhythmia and developmental gains. Twenty-seven published cases of brain tumours and IESS were reviewed. ES were refractory to medical management in 74 % of reported cases (17/23). ES were symmetric in 17/21 (81 %) and asymmetric in 4/21 (19 %) specified cases. Hypsarrhythmia pattern was asymmetric in 10/20 (50 %) specified cases. Of 21 surviving patients who underwent surgery, 13 (62 %) were seizure free at follow-up and only 1 (5 %) had no improvement. Developmental outcomes were available in 19/21 (90 %) surviving surgical patients and 10/19 had improvements (52 %); 6/19 had normalized development (32 %). Various tumour types were reported and a temporal or frontal location was most common. Brain tumours can cause IESS with or without clinical or EEG focality and are amenable to surgical treatment. We emphasize that the absence of focal signs should not delay surgical assessment for patients with refractory IESS and brain tumours.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".