Exploring hydrophilic and lipophilic components of Ceterach officinarum Willd. in calcium oxalate crystal transformation for renal protection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the aqueous extract of Ceterach officinarum (Co-AE) for its potential to regulate calcium oxalate crystallization, a key factor in kidney stone formation. Fractionation of Co-AE into hydrophilic and lipophilic components revealed their synergic roles in inhibiting calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal formation while promoting calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals. Time-resolved light scattering revealed that high molecular weight fractions (Co-CONC) were highly effective in inhibiting COM formation, achieving an EC 50 of 0.3 ± 0.1 µg/mL. Conversely, low molecular weight fractions (Co-UF) demonstrated limited efficacy. Analytical techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry identified key active components, including polysaccharides and lipids. Polysaccharides and lipids, particularly waxes and phthalates, displayed significant activity in reducing crystal size and inducing COD formation influencing crystal morphology. Additionally, Co-AE and its fractions exhibited robust antioxidant and iron-chelating capacities, as demonstrated by DPPH and ORAC assays. The iron-chelating activity of phenolic compounds, including chlorogenic acid, may further contribute to reducing oxidative stress and modifying crystal growth pathways. This research highlights the synergistic effects of polysaccharides and lipids in Co-AE, providing new insights into its mechanistic role in kidney stone prevention. The findings suggest that Co-AE holds promise as a natural therapeutic agent, with further studies needed to explore its clinical applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".