Impacts of Grounding Impedance on Second Harmonic Components Caused by GIC Flows in Power Transformers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Geomagnetic disturbances trigger quasi-dc currents that flow through grounding circuits into power systems, mostly through power transformers. Geomagnetically-induced currents (GICs) can cause severe harmonic distortions, disruption in reactive power flow, and/or thermal damage to power transformers. These adverse effects of GIC events on power transformers depend on the GIC magnitude, transformer core design, grounding circuit, and winding configuration. This paper analyzes the effects of grounding circuit designs on the adverse impacts of GIC flows in power transformers. These effects are analyzed through experimental tests carried out using laboratory 3ϕ, multicore power transformers. Experimental tests are performed for several grounding circuit designs for the test power transformers. Normal, magnetizing inrush, line-to-line, and line-to-neutral fault conditions are conducted for each tested grounding circuit design. Results of experimental tests show that grounding circuits with low impedance have minor effects on the GIC flows, while grounding circuits with high impedance tend to reduce the magnitude of the GIC. In addition, test results demonstrate that grounding circuits have little influence on the harmonic distortion (mainly the 2nd harmonic component) created by a GIC flow.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".