Applied Chemical Ecology of Spruce Beetle in Western North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby)) is a major cause of spruce (Picea spp.) mortality in western North America. We synthesized the literature on the chemical ecology of spruce beetle, focusing on efforts to reduce host tree losses. This literature dates back to the mid-20th century and focuses on spruce beetle populations in Alaska, U.S., western Canada, and the central and southern Rocky Mountains, U.S. Spruce beetle aggregation pheromone components include frontalin (1,5-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane), seudenol (3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol), MCOL (1-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ol), and verbenene (4-methylene-6,6-dimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene). The attraction of spruce beetle to one aggregation pheromone component is enhanced by the co-release of other aggregation pheromones and host compounds (e.g., α-pinene). Several baits that attract spruce beetles are commercially available and are used for survey and detection, population suppression, snag creation, and experimental purposes. The antiaggregation pheromone is MCH (3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one), which has been evaluated for reducing colonization of felled spruce since the 1970s. Beginning in the early 2000s, MCH has been evaluated for protecting live, standing spruce from colonization by and mortality attributed to spruce beetle. With a few exceptions, significant reductions in levels of spruce beetle colonization and/or spruce mortality were reported. More recent efforts have combined MCH with other repellents (e.g., nonhost compounds) in hope of increasing levels of tree protection. Today, several formulations of MCH are registered for tree protection purposes in the U.S. and Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".