Advancing Biocatalysis: Using Siloxanes to Solubilize and Stabilize Enzymes in Organic Solvents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Biocatalysis presents an interesting opportunity for addressing the need for sustainability in chemical processes, especially as a means of supplanting catalysts based on nonrenewable metals. However, a significant challenge facing this strategy is the propensity for biological molecules to function optimally in aqueous environments while many chemical transformations occur in organic solvents, an environment that is typically antithetical to the functioning of enzymes. To address this challenge, we have modified proteins with siloxane oligomers in an effort to generate biocatalytic systems that can be used in homogeneous reaction systems rather than as heterogeneous catalysts where the biocatalyst is immobilized on a solid support. The siloxane‐modified proteins displayed activity and stability in organic solvents that is comparable to that observed with unmodified proteins in aqueous environments and demonstrated excellent solubility in organic solvents. Modification of the proteins was a straightforward process that demonstrated a high level of efficiency. The covalent modification of human serum albumin (HSA) and trypsin with siloxanes was examined using matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) and the Michaelis‐Menton activity of the enzyme was studied using standard assays.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".