Trajectories of fear avoidance behavior and recovery after mild traumatic brain injury: Findings from the Toronto Concussion Study.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Fear avoidance behavior is associated with more severe postconcussion symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). However, it remains unclear when after injury fear avoidance behavior becomes a barrier to recovery. This study investigated changes in early fear avoidance behavior after mTBI and its associations with postconcussion symptoms. METHOD: = 216). RESULTS: Based on normative reference values, the two most common postconcussion trajectories of fear avoidance behavior were those with persistently low and those with initially elevated but decreasing fear avoidance behavior. Using linear regression, we found an interaction effect between fear avoidance behavior at Weeks 2 and 8, indicating that participants with persistently elevated fear avoidance behavior (at Weeks 2 and 8) had more severe postconcussion symptoms at Week 8, whereas participants with initially elevated but decreasing fear avoidance behavior tended to recover well. CONCLUSION: Early fear avoidance behavior often decreases, but when it does not, it is associated with worse recovery from mTBI. These findings may inform the timing and design of interventions targeting fear avoidance behavior in patients with mTBI. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".