International collaboration facilitates risk assessment of vessel activities on overwintering coastal waterbirds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Global increases in vessel activity are significantly impacting nearshore environments. For marine birds, vessels have known localized impacts, ranging from energetically costly disturbances to deadly strikes and pollution. However, the overlap of regional bird distributions and areas of high vessel traffic is often poorly known. Using openly available vessel density data and citizen science avian data from British Columbia, Canada, and Washington State, USA, we applied a dynamic occupancy modeling approach to explore differences in occupancy and occupancy trends for 24 overwintering piscivorous and benthivorous coastal waterbird species in the Salish Sea between 2011 and 2023. We asked whether occupancy and trends differed between Canada and the USA, and then investigated whether areas of low or high vessel traffic exhibited differing occupancy and trends across the region. We identified a number of species exhibiting regional occupancy declines and found that occupancy trends varied frequently when compared across the international border. All examined coastal waterbird families exhibited some degree of overlap with areas of high vessel traffic, though some families, such as cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae), were more closely associated with high vessel traffic areas. With particular attention to regionally declining species, we discuss the degree of risk faced by each family in high vessel traffic areas. These results provide crucial regional conservation insights and offer resource managers a broadly applicable roadmap for investigation into the distributional overlap of coastal waterbirds and vessel traffic in nearshore environments across the globe.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".