Experimental investigation of exposed column base plate connections subjected to combined axial load and biaxial bending
Bibliographic record
Abstract
One of the most important structural elements of steel moment-resisting frames is the column base plate (CBP) connection, which consists of the base plate, grout, footing, anchor rods with nuts and washers. CBP connections are crucial components of a steel structure's overall design as they utilize anchor rods to transfer the forces applied to base columns through a base plate and grout pad into the concrete foundation. Wind and earthquake events exert bidirectional lateral loads on the base plate of the CBP connection. Prior research examined uniaxial lateral loading in conjunction with axial load; however, they did not offer any recommendations for exposed CBP connections under both axial and biaxial lateral loading. This paper experimentally investigates four large-scale CBP connection specimens subjected to combined axial load and bi-directional lateral loading to observe the effects of varying anchor rod pattern and base plate thickness. The moment-rotation capacity, base plate uplift, anchor rod yielding, connection strength ratio and rigidity of CBP connection were analyzed. The results indicate that the failure mode was governed by strong column/weak connection mechanism. Moreover, base connection with eight bolts showed higher rotational stiffness compared to connection with four bolts. Finally, it was determined how well the AISC rectangular stress block approach calculated the tension force demand on CBP connection’s anchor rods when subjected to combined axial load and biaxial moment. The outcomes of this study are expected to provide useful references for the development of CBP connection design.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".