Coherent Dynamics of Liquid Jet Breakup in Annular Crossflow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The primary breakup characteristics of a liquid jet injected radially into an annular air crossflow are experimentally investigated under atmospheric conditions at a fixed air Mach number of 0.12.The liquid injection velocity is varied from 1.417 m/s to 7.084 m/s through a 1 mm orifice, yielding liquid-to-air momentum flux ratios in the range of 1 to 25. High-speed imaging at 3000 frames per second is employed to capture the transient spray dynamics, and a dataset of 3000 images is analyzed using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition to extract coherent flow structures and quantify the energy content of dominant modes.The results indicate that at low , the breakup process is governed by strong shear-layer instabilities, leading to early transition to turbulence.In contrast, higher q values exhibit a delayed onset of turbulence, dominated by persistent vortex roll-up and jet penetration.The POD energy spectra reveal that the first ten modes capture the most significant coherent structures, while temporal coefficients demonstrate a clear transition from crossflow-driven to selfexcited turbulent breakup as liquid to air momentum flux ratio increases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".