Coherent Dynamics of Liquid Jet Breakup in Annular Crossflow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The primary breakup characteristics of a liquid jet injected radially into an annular air crossflow are experimentally investigated under atmospheric conditions at a fixed air Mach number of 0.12.The liquid injection velocity is varied from 1.417 m/s to 7.084 m/s through a 1 mm orifice, yielding liquid-to-air momentum flux ratios in the range of 1 to 25. High-speed imaging at 3000 frames per second is employed to capture the transient spray dynamics, and a dataset of 3000 images is analyzed using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition to extract coherent flow structures and quantify the energy content of dominant modes.The results indicate that at low , the breakup process is governed by strong shear-layer instabilities, leading to early transition to turbulence.In contrast, higher q values exhibit a delayed onset of turbulence, dominated by persistent vortex roll-up and jet penetration.The POD energy spectra reveal that the first ten modes capture the most significant coherent structures, while temporal coefficients demonstrate a clear transition from crossflow-driven to selfexcited turbulent breakup as liquid to air momentum flux ratio increases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".