Gait and balance dysfunction are associated with cognitive performance only in men with Parkinson’s disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Parkinson's disease (PD) can cause locomotor dysfunction and cognitive impairment and these symptoms are often associated. This study assesses relationships between comprehensive cognitive performance and locomotor function domains: gait, balance, and mobility, in men and women with PD. Methods: Sixty PD participants, Hoehn and Yahr 1-3, age ≥ 45, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment score ≥ 18, underwent locomotor function assessments and a comprehensive neurocognitive battery. Primary outcomes included Timed Up and Go (TUG), maximum walking speed (MWS), Mini Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest), and cognitive composite score (CCS). Spearman correlations determined associations between cognition and locomotor function for the total sample and separately for men and women. Results: CCS correlated with all primary locomotor outcomes for the overall group and men only. Specifically, positive relationships were observed between the CCS and Mini-BEST Test (balance) for the overall group (p = 0.009) and men (p = 0.001), as well as MWS (gait) for the overall group (p = 0.006) and men (p < 0.001). CCS and TUG (mobility) were negatively correlated for the overall group (p = 0.005) and men (p < 0.001). There were no significant correlations between CCS and locomotor outcomes in women. Exploratory analyses suggest that performance in executive function, visuospatial skills, and processing speed drive these relationships. Conclusion: In PD, balance, gait, and mobility correlated with global cognition. Correlations between motor function and cognitive performance were evident only in men. This study enhances understanding of the complex interplay between cognition and motor function in PD, especially among men.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".