Is Promoting Mobile Money Usage Consistent With Restricting Access to Phone Communication?: An Analysis of Direct and Indirect Network Effects in Mobile Money Adoption in Burkina Faso
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT To increase financial inclusion in Africa, many governments are promoting mobile money usage. But at the same time, despite efforts, relatively high costs characterize traditional mobile phone communication (calls, text messages, internet access, social media, etc.). Also, non‐price barriers like restricted access to internet or low national coverage rate of mobile communication signal may have led many people to have difficult access to traditional mobile phone communication. In this paper, we investigate the role of indirect (traditional phone communication network) and direct (mobile money network) network effects on mobile money adoption in Burkina Faso. We use FinScope data and a recursive multivariate probit model to find that, in Burkina Faso, mobile money services benefit more from the indirect network effects than the direct network effects. In other words, it is inconsistent to impose large taxes and fees on phone communication or to limit access to internet, messaging apps and social media, while promoting mobile money adoption.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it