Long-Term Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients Receiving Maintenance Dialysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Key Points In maintenance dialysis patients, 90-day coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors did not have a higher long-term risk of death or adverse health outcomes. Prior COVID-19 infection was associated with a lower risk for subsequent COVID-19 infection. Background There is concern regarding the long-term impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the maintenance dialysis population. This study describes the long-term morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 among patients receiving maintenance dialysis in comparison with uninfected controls. Methods We conducted a population-based cohort study of patients receiving maintenance dialysis in Ontario, Canada, between March 14, 2020, and December 1, 2021 (pre-Omicron), with follow-up until March 31, 2023. We accounted for confounding using propensity scores to match each patient with COVID-19 to four uninfected controls. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, whereas secondary outcomes included subsequent COVID-19 infection, COVID-19–associated death, a composite of cardiovascular (CV)-related death or hospitalization, all-cause hospitalization, and admission to long-term care or complex continuing care. Results Our matched cohort included 3340 maintenance dialysis patients: 668 with COVID-19 and 2672 controls. Over a median of 1.8 years of follow-up, the rate of long-term all-cause mortality for 90-day COVID-19 survivors was 11.9 deaths per 100 person-years which did not differ from 13.9 deaths per 100 person-years in those without COVID-19 infection (hazard ratio [HR] 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72 to 1.03). Similarly, no significant difference was observed on a composite outcome of CV death or hospitalization, all-cause hospitalization, long-term care, or complex continuing care placement. Prior COVID-19 infection was associated with a reduced risk of subsequent COVID-19 infection (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.88). Subsequent COVID-19 infection was associated with a higher rate of death (HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.42 to 1.98). Conclusions Individuals receiving maintenance dialysis who survived their initial COVID-19 infection did not have an increased long-term risk of death, all-cause hospitalization, or CV disease compared with those without COVID-19. Subsequent COVID-19 infection during follow-up, however, was associated with increased mortality.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".