Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, posttraumatic cognitions, and dissociative experiences following rape: The roles of rape tactics and peritraumatic tonic immobility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychopathological outcome of sexual assault. Peritraumatic tonic immobility (TI; involuntary "freezing") during sexual assault has been linked with worsened PTSD symptoms, yet little research has examined these effects longitudinally. The present study aimed to examine the effects of TI on the severity of PTSD symptoms, negative posttraumatic cognitions (NPC), and dissociative symptoms over 1 year among 112 female survivors of sexual assault aged 16-30 years. Multilevel linear regressions evaluated the effects of time since sexual assault, TI severity, and their interaction on the severity of PTSD symptoms, NPC (total, blame, self, world), and dissociative symptoms. Results indicated that TI severity was associated with increased NPC, β = .22, p = .018, and dissociative symptom severity, β = .65, p = .037, but not PTSD symptom severity, β = .25, p = .116; these associations remained consistent over time. Given the salience of NPCs, individuals seeking care for TI-associated sexual trauma may benefit from interventions that can reduce NPCs (e.g., prolonged exposure, cognitive processing therapy). Further evaluating these treatments' utility in reducing dissociation may be of particular benefit to individuals with a history of TI reactions during trauma. Finally, coercive rape tactics were associated with increased PTSD symptoms, β = .48, p = .002, whereas forcible, β = -.04, p = .805, and drug- or alcohol-facilitated rape tactics, β = .35, p = .285, were not, indicating the importance of assessing verbal coercion in research and clinical work with individuals who have experienced sexual assault.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".