High Coulombic Efficiency Plating and Stripping of Sodium for Reservoir-Free Sodium Solid-State Batteries at Low Stack Pressure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
“Anode-free” sodium solid-state batteries (SSBs) based on earth-abundant materials are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage devices. However, their deployment requires minimizing solid electrolyte|electrode interfacial resistances and forming a robust solid electrolyte|current collector interface. We demonstrate the dendrite-free deposition of sodium metal with >100 μm thickness, through a NaSICON (Na 3.4 Zr 2 Si 2.4 P 0.6 O 12 ) solid electrolyte, directly onto an aluminum current collector joined to the ceramic via a facile solid-state diffusion bonding method. Reversible sodium plating/stripping is achieved with Al|NaSICON laminates at a current density of 0.5 mA cm –2 for areal capacities of 1 and 3 mAh cm –2 under a stack pressure of ∼1 MPa. Long-term cycling is demonstrated over 300 cycles at 25 °C with an average Coulombic efficiency of >98%. Our work provides new insights into metal-ceramic contact and its influence on sodium nucleation and growth at solid|solid interfaces and suggests a path forward for the implementation of reservoir-free sodium SSBs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".