Sexual and Reproductive Health Services and Help-seeking Behaviors: Experiences and Perspectives of Young 1.5-Generation Bangladeshi Women in Toronto
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BackgroundThe "1.5 generation" refers to those who immigrated to a new country as children or adolescents. In the context of Canada, 1.5-generation Bangladeshis are underrepresented in the extant literature on sexual and reproductive health (SRH). Their cross-cultural positionality and ethnic background have implications for their SRH-related help-seeking behaviors and service utilization.PurposeThis paper explored the SRH related help-seeking behaviors and perspectives and experiences with accessing and utilizing SRH services among 1.5-generation Bangladeshi women in Toronto, Ontario.MethodsTen 1.5-generation Bangladeshi women, aged between 18 and 22, participated in this qualitative study. This study employed a narrative inquiry methodological approach and the Conceptual Framework of Access to Healthcare as a theoretical lens.ResultsKnowledge about routine SRH tests and utilization of these services were found to be low. Mothers, sisters, peers, the internet and mobile apps were identified as sources of informal help-seeking. The family doctor is the most significant source of formal help-seeking. The findings shed light on the demand- and supply-side dimensions of access to SRH care as well as the multiple barriers and facilitators to services. Individual-level social and cultural factors in SRH help- and care-seeking behaviors and attitudes were identified. Structural factors within the health system hindered effective service delivery.ConclusionThe findings highlight the need for SRH-focused educational and informational campaigns in residential neighborhoods concentrated by the Bangladeshi diaspora. Policymakers should address the structural barriers in the health system to improve the quality of SRH care. Further investigation is required to understand what culturally responsive SRH care entails for 1.5-generation patients from South Asian and Muslim backgrounds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".