<i>Z</i> Scores for Pediatric Echocardiography Dimensions Adjusted for Body Size, BMI, and Age
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular dimensions measured during pediatric echocardiograms must be normalized for body size. However, other variables may confound their interpretation, such as age and abnormal body habitus. This retrospective cross-sectional study of the Canadian Congenital and Pediatric Cardiology Research Network aimed to create Z score equations for commonly measured dimensions in pediatric 2-dimensional echocardiography that were free of residual confounding effects of body size, body mass index, and age. METHODS: The reference sample consisted of >20 000 children without heart disease from 9 institutions who underwent clinical echocardiography that was reported as normal. A generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) was used to model the expected distributions of measurements as a function of sex, height, weight, body mass index, and age. RESULTS: Compared with a model that only considered body surface area, the proposed Z scores demonstrated less bias in subgroups of overweight, young, and early school-aged children. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed Z score equations may improve diagnostic and therapeutic accuracy by ensuring that body size, body mass index, and age do not confound the interpretation of measurements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".