International Perspectives on Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding in Infants: A Cross‐Sectional Questionnaire‐Based Survey
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) can occur in neonates and infants due to low placental transfer and storage of VK. Although the incidence has decreased with global VK prophylaxis at birth, VKDB remains a concern. This study aimed to assess the recent magnitude, risk factors, and outcomes of VKDB and barriers/limitations to VK prophylaxis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 2021 to 2023, a survey questionnaire was distributed to physicians managing VKDB or administering VK prophylaxis through various international and national societies. Responses were analyzed using a chi-square test and unsupervised hierarchical clustering. RESULTS: Among 685 respondents from 38 countries, 289 (42.1%) reported treating 1-5 VKDB cases annually. Key risk factors included the lack of VK at birth and liver disease. Hierarchical clustering of survey responses identified three groups with shared characteristics based on geographical location and country economic status: Cluster 1 consisted of high-income countries in Europe and North America; Cluster 2 included upper- to middle-income countries in Asia; and Cluster 3 comprised low- to lower-middle-income countries in Asia. In all clusters, the lack of VK prophylaxis at birth was the most common risk factor; however, liver disease was more highly reported in Cluster 2 when compared to the other clusters. The most frequent barriers to VK prophylaxis included parental refusal of intramuscular injections in high-income countries and limited availability of VK in low- to lower-middle-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the implementation of VK prophylaxis, VKDB remains a global issue. Guidelines for prophylaxis in infants with liver disease should be established, and comprehensive education on VKDB complications for parents and communities is essential. The limited availability of VK in certain parts of the world should be further explored and addressed to improve the management of this preventable disease in infants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".