A Circularly Polarised Zero Beam‐Squinting Leaky‐Wave Antenna With Increased Gain Using NRI‐TL Metamaterials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The theory, design and experimental validation of a circularly polarised (CP) metamaterial fixed‐beam leaky‐wave antenna (LWA) with zero beam‐squinting (ZBS) is presented in this paper. It consists of two oppositely directed negative‐refractive‐index transmission‐line (NRI‐TL) LWAs, which are fed through an NRI‐TL 180 balun. Each NRI‐TL LWA generates its own beam and when the two beams, which radiate is opposite directions, are combined, they produce a fixed‐beam over a wide zero beam‐squinting bandwidth. This NRI‐TL 180 balun is specifically implemented to achieve CP radiation with enhanced gain at the broadside direction. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the NRI‐TL 180 balun is presented. Finally, the measurement results of a realised broadside circularly polarised fixed‐beam LWA are presented and discussed. It is shown that the addition of the NRI‐TL balun doubles the gain of the metamaterial LWA, since both orthogonal components, both co‐ and cross‐polarisations are utilised providing CP and enhanced radiation gain and efficiency. The antenna's beam‐squinting bandwidth is approximately 0.9 GHz, accompanied by an axial ratio of around 1.3 and exhibits an average radiation efficiency of 80.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".