Investigating Strain Rate Effects on the Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of Lignin‐Filled Glass/Polypropylene Long‐Fiber Thermoplastics Manufactured via Direct Compounded Compression Molding ( <scp>LFT‐D</scp> )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fiber‐reinforced composites are employed in various sectors, such as the transportation sector, where they are subjected to various loading conditions, including high loading rates. In this study, the tensile properties of lignin‐filled glass/polypropylene (PP) long‐fiber thermoplastics (LFT) were investigated. These materials were manufactured using a direct compounded compression molding process, and tests were conducted at loading rates ranging from quasi‐static (0.0001 ) to elevated strain rates of up to 200 . The samples were examined in four material orientations, namely, 0°, +45°, −45°, and 90°, to understand their anisotropic behavior with three different percentages of lignin filler (0%, 14%, and 21%). Tensile strength was significantly enhanced at elevated strain rates, stabilizing beyond 100 . For 0% lignin, strength increased from 100 MPa (quasi‐static) to 221 MPa (100 /200 ), with 132% and 98% improvements for 14% and 21% lignin, respectively. While 14% lignin increased stiffness, 21% lignin weakened interfacial bonding, reducing mechanical strength. Strong anisotropy was observed, with the highest tensile strength (221 MPa) in the 0° direction and the lowest (74 MPa) in the 90° direction. SEM analysis revealed increased fiber pullout and matrix‐fiber debonding at higher lignin content, further reducing mechanical performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".