A longitudinal analysis of the economic cost of all phases of TB care in a low incidence setting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Our objective was to estimate the attributable health care costs associated with TB in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: We conducted an incidence-based matched cohort study among individuals diagnosed with TB between April 1, 2002 to December 31, 2016. We matched exposed individuals 1:2 to unexposed individuals using hard and propensity score matching. Using phase-of-care costing, we calculated the mean attributable costs of TB, standardized to 10-day cost, for seven phases of illness: pre-diagnosis, initial treatment, continuation phase, remainder year 1, year 2, post-TB, and prior-to-death. We estimated survival-adjusted attributable mean 1-, 2-, and 5-year costs. RESULTS: We matched 6,456 individuals with TB to 12,443 individuals without TB. Mean (95% CI) attributable 10-day costs was highest in the pre-death phase at $2,656 ($2,207, $3,104), followed by the initial treatment phase at $1,693 ($1,608, $1,778). Hospitalization costs were the largest cost component in each phase. The mean attributable 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival-adjusted costs were $25,586, $30,178, and $33,370, respectively. CONCLUSION: Individuals with TB have higher health care costs over their lifetime (from pre-diagnosis until death) than individuals without TB.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".