Geographical trends of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in ringed seals from the Arctic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins are high production volume chemicals used in in a variety of commercial and industrial applications, e.g. as lubricants, flame retardants and metal working fluids. They are commonly divided into short-, medium and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (C10−C13 (SCCPs), C14−C17 (MCCPs) and ≥ C18 (LCCPs), respectively), of which SCCPs are regulated via the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Due to their complexity, the analytical chemistry is challenging, and different studies often lack comparability. The objective of this project was to study spatial differences in ΣSCCPs in ringed seals from Canada, Greenland and Svalbard. Blubber of juvenile ringed seals (N=4-5 per location) from a total of eight locations (Canada: 4; Greenland: 3; Svalbard: 1) were analysed with gas chromatography with Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-Orbitrap MS). As blanks showed quantifiable levels of SCCPs, all concentrations were blank corrected. Mean ΣSCCPs ranged between 16 and 142 ng/g lipid weight, without statistically significant differences between locations. Standard deviations exceeded 100% in some cases, but were considerably lower for data without blank correction. ΣSCCP concentrations were generally lower than those of other POPs available for the same individuals from East and West Greenland. However, compared with previous studies from the 1990s to early 2000s, this difference seemed smaller, possibly indicating different temporal developments for SCCPs and other POPs. The applicability of the current analytical method for routine monitoring still poses challenges, in particular regarding sensitivity and blank occurrences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".