Jack Kerouac, écrivain bilingue ? Questions sur les identités de l’écrivain et de son écriture:Jack Kerouac, bilingual writer? Questions about the identities of the writer and his writing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Jack Kerouac, author of On the Road and co-founding father of the Beat Generation, is considered by many to be one of the great figures of American literature. But Kerouac, born in 1922 in Lowell, Massachusetts, came from a proletarian French-Canadian background.. It has long been known, thanks to television interviews and allusions in his English-language texts, that Kerouac also wrote in French. But it's especially since the publication of some of his French-language texts by Jean-Christophe Cloutier in 2016 and Joyce Johnsosn's new biography of the writer, The Voice is All, in which the author insists on the importance of his French-Canadian origins in his literature, that this question has become central: Indeed, how do you define a bilingual writer who has never published an single entire text in his native language? Is Kerouac an American or a French-Canadian writer? In the light of contemporary theories of colonial and post-colonial identity applied to this particular case, I will attempt to redefine the contours of what might be called a "literary identity" and what it implies in terms of fertility and conflict.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.020 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".