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Record W4412267085

EU and public procurement: making better use of the existing toolbox

2020· article· en· W4412267085 on OpenAlex
Marta Andhov

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueResearch at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) · 2020
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldBusiness, Management and Accounting
TopicPublic Procurement and Policy
Canadian institutionsInstitute on Governance
Fundersnot available
KeywordsToolboxProcurementBusinessComputer scienceMarketingProgramming language
DOInot available

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Nearly 85% of the EU’s public procurement market is open to third country bidders. Many European businesses, although they face third country competition in the internal market, cannot access procurement markets overseas. As a result of the increasing competition from third country suppliers, which is believed to create an uneven playing field in the internal market, the Commission has issued guidance on the participation of third country bidders in the EU procurement market. To ensure a fair and level playing field, the Commission promotes two approaches: first, the wider application of the available instruments in EU public procurement law (sustainable public procurement and abnormally low tender rules), to ensure that the same, or equivalent, requirements apply to both EU and third country suppliers, and, second, the introduction of the reciprocity regulation (the “International Procurement Instrument”, or IPI). If the IPI is introduced, the rules that apply to EU businesses will be different from those that apply to businesses from third states.T his contribution concludes that, since 2012, the political will amongst Member States has not been strong enough to approve the IPI. However, the existing EU public procurement rules allow the playing field between EU and third country suppliers in the internal market to be made level. Nonetheless, the political will, the required skillset and capacity within the public sector are necessary

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.265
Threshold uncertainty score0.998

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.002
Open science0.0020.002
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0530.003

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.205
GPT teacher head0.276
Teacher spread0.071 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it