Effects of the Loading Level on the Harmonic Distortion Caused by GIC Flows Through $3\phi$ Auto-Transformers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) are quasidc currents that are formed due to geo-magnetic disturbance events. Such quasi-dc currents flow from the ground to power systems, and complete their path through grounded equipment, including 3ϕ auto-transformers. The flow of a GIC through a 3ϕ auto-transformer can lead to a significant harmonic distortion, a large increase in reactive power demands, and/or a large increase copper losses. The severity of GIC flow impacts on a 3ϕ auto-transformer can be dependent on the core design, winding configuration, grounding circuit, and GIC current. This paper discusses possible contributions of loading levels to GIC impacts on a 3ϕ auto-transformer. These possible contributions are analyzed through experimental tests carried out using a laboratory 3ϕ, multi-core auto-transformer. Experimental tests are conducted for various GIC flows, where the loading level is varied. Test results conclude that the loading level of a 3ϕ auto-transformer has minor effects on the levels of harmonic distortion caused by the flow of a GIC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".