Effects of the Loading Level on the Harmonic Distortion Caused by GIC Flows Through $3\phi$ Auto-Transformers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) are quasidc currents that are formed due to geo-magnetic disturbance events. Such quasi-dc currents flow from the ground to power systems, and complete their path through grounded equipment, including 3ϕ auto-transformers. The flow of a GIC through a 3ϕ auto-transformer can lead to a significant harmonic distortion, a large increase in reactive power demands, and/or a large increase copper losses. The severity of GIC flow impacts on a 3ϕ auto-transformer can be dependent on the core design, winding configuration, grounding circuit, and GIC current. This paper discusses possible contributions of loading levels to GIC impacts on a 3ϕ auto-transformer. These possible contributions are analyzed through experimental tests carried out using a laboratory 3ϕ, multi-core auto-transformer. Experimental tests are conducted for various GIC flows, where the loading level is varied. Test results conclude that the loading level of a 3ϕ auto-transformer has minor effects on the levels of harmonic distortion caused by the flow of a GIC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".