Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from Sonali chicken meat in Bangladesh
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global public health concern, with contamination of poultry meat by multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) posing serious risks to food safety and public health. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate and characterize the multidrug-resistant E. coli harboring β-lactam resistance genes from raw Sonali chicken meat samples collected from retail poultry shops across six upazilas of the Narsingdi district in Bangladesh. A total of 390 meat swab samples were collected and analyzed between July and December 2023. E. coli was detected in 68.21% of the isolates, with 7.89% classified as enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and 92.11% as non-EPEC. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disc diffusion method revealed complete resistance to ampicillin (100%), with high resistance to erythromycin (87.59%) and third-generation cephalosporins. Furthermore, the lowest resistance was observed for amoxicillin-clavulanate (3.01%). ESBL production was identified in 41.73% of the isolates. On the other hand, non-EPEC strains showed a significantly higher prevalence of ESBL production (p < 0.05). Genotypic analysis of β-lactamase genes in ESBL-positive isolates demonstrated that blaTEM (63.06%) and blaCTX-M-2a (60.36%) were the most prevalent. Additionally, co-occurrence of multiple β-lactamase genes was observed in 54.95% of isolates, with blaTEM, blaCTX-M-2a, and blaOXA-1 being the most common combination. Furthermore, resistance genes for AmpC (blaCMY, 27.07%) and metallo-β-lactamase (blaNDM-1, 9.02%) were exclusively detected in non-EPEC isolates. Significant positive correlations were observed among β-lactamase genes, highlighting the complexity of resistance mechanisms. Our results demonstrate the necessity of judiciously using antibiotics in Sonali chickens to prevent the emergence of resistant bacterial strains.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".