Colombian Criollo horses’ trot, trocha, and gallop are submaximal oxygen consumption gaits with unique locomotory-respiratory coupling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: Colombian Criollo horses are bred for their smooth gaits that emphasize full collection and rapid footfall. The physiological demands of these gaits remain unknown. Our objective was to determine if oxygen consumption, ventilation, locomotor-respiratory coupling, and running economy differed between the trot or trocha and the gallop. Methods: 7 competition horses completed a controlled design standardized field test between January 10 and 20, 2025. Horses wore a cardiotachometer and ergospirometer to measure heart rate, oxygen consumption, and ventilation at the trot or trocha and the gallop. Locomotor-respiratory coupling and running economy were determined. Measurement differences were analyzed between gaits (paired t test; P < .05). Results: Oxygen consumption and minute ventilation were similar between the trot or trocha (80 ± 12 mL/[kg·min]; 774 ± 113 L/min) and gallop (82 ± 20 mL/[kg·min]; 771 ± 141 L/min). However, respiratory frequency was higher during the trot or trocha (108 ± 20 breaths/min) than gallop (91 ± 11 breaths/min), and tidal volume was lower (7.3 ± 1.8 L vs 8.6 ± 2.3 L). No differences were observed in peak inspiratory or expiratory airflow despite longer inspirations and expirations during the gallop (0.34 ± 0.05 s; 0.32 ± 0.04 s) than the trot or trocha (0.29 ± 0.06 s; 0.28 ± 0.06 s). Stride frequency and heart rate were similar between the trot or trocha (2.3 ± 0.2 strides/s; 159 ± 28 beats/min) and the gallop (2.2 ± 0.1 strides/s; 154 ± 17 beats/min). Locomotor-respiratory coupling was 1.7:1 (±0.6) at the trot or trocha, compared to 3:2 (±0.3) with the gallop. The running economy was lower during the gallop than the trot or trocha. Conclusions: The trot or trocha and gallop represent submaximal exercise. Locomotor-respiratory coupling (> 1:1) and RE differed between gaits. Clinical Relevance: Locomotor-respiratory coupling differed between the trot or trocha and the gallop and was greater than the usual 1:1 observed with 3- and 4-beat gaits.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".