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Record W4412401888 · doi:10.1136/jme-2025-110950

Do vaccine mandates impair the voluntariness of informed consent?

2025· article· en· W4412401888 on OpenAlexafffund
Maxwell J. Smith, Evan Mackie

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Medical Ethics · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldHealth Professions
TopicEthics in medical practice
Canadian institutionsCarleton UniversityWestern University
FundersInstitute of Population and Public Health
KeywordsVoluntarinessCoercion (linguistics)Informed consentObligationUndue influencePsychologyLawPolitical scienceSocial psychologyMedicineAlternative medicine

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

An ethical and legal obligation generally exists for informed consent to be obtained prior to the administration of medical interventions. This includes vaccinations. For an individual’s informed consent to be valid, it must be given voluntarily . Hence, when individuals are required to be vaccinated—for example, as a condition of employment—we might ask whether this impairs the voluntariness of their informed consent, thereby rendering it invalid. If this turns out to be the case, then this would count as a pro tanto reason to think vaccine mandates are unethical. Assuming vaccine mandates count as ‘coercive’, interrogating this question requires an account of consent under third-party coercion, since the pressure or coercion exerted by vaccine mandates is exerted by third parties, such as employers, rather than the recipients of consent. Accordingly, this paper draws on Maximilian Kiener’s Interpersonal Consenter–Consentee Justification account of the voluntariness of medical consent under third-party coercion to develop an explicit argument as to why vaccine mandates do not vitiate the voluntariness of informed consent. Vaccine mandates do not necessarily impair the voluntariness of informed consent because, in such cases, the consent-receiver neither contributes to a vaccine mandate’s coercive threat nor wrongs the consent-giver in any way. Consent is not obtained by coercion in such cases, even though it may be motivated by it. The mere presence of third-party coercion does not invalidate consent since third parties cannot directly negate the voluntariness of consent.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.066
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.493
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMetaresearch, Research integrity, Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesMetaresearch, Research integrity
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Commentary · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.834
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0660.493
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0020.035
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.128
GPT teacher head0.570
Teacher spread0.441 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.

Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreCommentary

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations7
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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