Abnormal peripheral cellular immune profiles in gestational diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has recently been associated with abnormal profiles of inflammatory cells and cytokines, though the findings remain inconsistent and unclear. AIM: To elucidate the peripheral immune status in GDM. METHODS: We systematically screened databases including Web of Science, PubMed, and EMBASE for eligible studies. Original articles reporting different immune cell levels in GDM compared to normal glucose-tolerance pregnant women were included to extract usable data. The pooled mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was analyzed as the outcome measure. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was employed to assess study quality. RESULTS: A total of 19 studies involving various immune cell subgroups were included in our analysis. Specifically, total CD4+ T cells (WMD = 3.08; 95%CI: 0.81-5.35) were significantly increased in GDM groups. In contrast, total lymphocytes (SMD = 0.05; 95%CI: -0.16 to 0.26), CD3+ T cells (SMD = -0.34; 95%CI: -1.01 to 0.32), CD8+ T cells (SMD = 0.21; 95%CI: -0.31 to 0.73), and natural killer T (NKT) Cells (SMD = 0.83; 95%CI: -1.10 to 2.75) showed no significant changes in GDM. Activation markers (HLA-DR+ or CD69+) on CD4+ T cells (WMD = 0.20; 95%CI: 0.06-0.34) were increased in GDM patients. Treg cells, a classical subgroup of CD4+ T cells, showed a decreasing trend in GDM compared to controls (SMD = -0.83; 95%CI: -1.31 to -0.34). These results indicate an abnormal immune status in the peripheral profiles of GDM. CONCLUSION: GDM may not only be a dysglycemia-related condition but also an immune disorder characterized by abnormal peripheral immune profiles, including higher levels of CD4+ T cells and a reduced population of Treg cells. Treating immune dysregulation could be a new direction for GDM management, although further research is needed to understand the precise mechanisms of immune overactivation in GDM.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it