Eccentric external and internal rotation peak torque ratios predict shoulder injuries with national judokas; a prospective cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to identify isokinetic strength variables of the shoulder rotator muscles that are associated with the risk of upper limb injuries in elite judokas, and to establish predictive cut-off values for injury risk using a prospective cohort design. Prospective cohort study. Fifty-three male national team judokas Fifty-three male judokas of the national teams (Mean ± SD, age 18.68 ± 3.08 years, weight 75.34 ± 11.62 kg, height 175.28 ± 7.24 cm) participated in this study. We assessed concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) peak torque (PT) values at 60º/s and 300º/s, and the strength status of ER/IR muscles, such as the traditional ipsilateral strength deficit (ER/IR), ER/ER, IR/IR, and the non-dominant (ND) ER/IR: dominant (DOM) ER/IR (ERIR: ERIR), known as the bilateral strength asymmetry. Additionally, we recorded the ratio of Eccentric External (ECC ER) / Concentric Internal rotation (CON IR) before judo activity. The isokinetic Biodex system measured all of the variables. The injury occurrences were recorded during the 10-month follow-up period in the judo national team camps from 2020 to 2021. We followed fourteen upper limb sport injuries among the 53 judokas. Assessing shoulder rotator muscle strength, particularly in the eccentric mode, played a significant role in shoulder risk factor identification. Significant accuracy of ipsilateral PT deficit ECC ER/IR at (ND) 60º/s (OR 0.973, 95% CI 0.951 to 0.996, p = 0.024), as well as the bilateral PT deficit ECC ERIR: ERIR ratios 60º/s (OR 0.043, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.728, p = 0.029) discriminated between injured and uninjured judokas. The optimal cut-off point of the ND ER/IR ratio associated with the uninjured judokas group was 72.7 (sensitivity, 0.667; specificity, 0.643). The findings of the present study suggest that incorporating pre-participation testing of ipsilateral and bilateral shoulder ER/IR rotator assessment of isokinetic PT, particularly in ECC, can be valuable in an injury prevention program for judokas. Pre-participation testing involving isokinetic peak torque assessment of ipsilateral and bilateral shoulder external/internal rotators, particularly on eccentric strength, can significantly contribute to an effective injury prevention program for judokas. These tests can help identify potential weaknesses or imbalances in the shoulder rotator muscles, allowing for targeted interventions and training strategies to mitigate injury risks. The findings of this study provide suggestive evidence for the development of a preventive training program that incorporates controlled eccentric exercises specifically tailored for elite judokas. Integrating eccentric training into their regular training regimen may significantly enhance shoulder strength and stability in judokas. This enhancement is expected to decrease the risk of shoulder injuries while simultaneously improving overall judokas performance. Therefore, the implementation of such a program could be a critical component in promoting both injury prevention and performance optimization in this population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".