Experimental co-infection of lumpfish with sublethal doses of Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum causes increased mortality
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Co-infection is a common natural occurrence in wild and cultured fish, where the fish is affected by more than one concurrent pathogen, with higher reported mortalities than single infections. The susceptibility of the fish to infectious agents and the severity of the infection is dependent on the infection kinetics and dynamics of the pathogens involved during co-infection. Co-existing pathogens can synergize, antagonize, or not interact with each other during a co-infection. Understanding the interactions between different pathogens and the physiological processes triggered during fish co-infection is relevant to developing effective disease management strategies in aquaculture. However, experimental studies on co-infection in farmed fish have not been fully explored. This may be due to the complexity of setting up experimental co-infection models and the lack of adequate pathogen detection techniques or tools, especially with homologous types of pathogens. In this study, we investigated the co-infection of lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus ), a sea-lice cleaner fish used in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) aquaculture, with Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum . A. salmonicida and V. anguillarum in vitro assays showed that A. salmonicida and V. anguillarum did not cross antagonize . We then conducted animal experiments in which three groups of lumpfish ( n = 50 per group) were intraperitoneally injected with either PBS (control group) or sub-lethal doses of A. salmonicida Rif r (10 1 and 10 2 CFU dose −1 ) and V. anguillarum Str r (10 4 and 10 5 CFU dose −1 ). Fish showed severe clinical signs of both furunculosis and vibriosis. The survival rate of lumpfish co-infected with 10( Hvas et al., 2018 1) :10 4 and 10( McEwan et al., 2019 2) :10 5 of A. salmonicida and V. anguillarum were 28.09 % and 10.82 %, respectively. Bacterial tissue colonization revealed that sub-lethal doses of A. salmonicida could not be recovered by plate counting. However, the TaqMan assay revealed the presence of A. salmonicida and V. anguillarum in the head kidney of co-infected lumpfish. The co-infection of lumpfish with A. salmonicida and V. anguillarum increased mortality and severity of clinical signs, even at sub-lethal doses, suggesting a synergistic interaction between these bacteria.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".