Understanding episodic memory in schizophrenia: a functional neuroimaging meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In schizophrenia, episodic memory deficits are observed across verbal and visual memory tasks, as well as during free recall and recognition. Functional neuroimaging studies have revealed abnormalities in several brain regions, though findings have often been inconsistent. To resolve these discrepancies, we conducted a meta-analysis to provide an updated understanding of the neural mechanisms involved in episodic memory deficits in schizophrenia. METHODS: The meta-analysis included 59 functional neuroimaging studies using episodic memory tasks in schizophrenia. RESULTS: The analysis revealed reduced brain activity, during encoding, in the left para-hippocampal gyrus, the left inferior frontal gyrus, the left fusiform gyrus and the left striatum. During retrieval, reduced activations were observed in schizophrenia in the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and medial superior frontal gyrus, the right angular gyrus and the left supplementary motor are. CONCLUSION: We found reduced activations in the memory-relevant para-hippocampal gyrus, as well as in brain regions involved in semantic processing, cognitive control and visual processing. This study fills critical gaps in understanding the neural correlates of episodic memory deficits in schizophrenia, offering insights into how cognitive functions are affected in this disorder.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.014 | 0.015 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".